A Case Study in How Covid Affected Grades for Different Student Demographics

Authors

  • Douglas R. Moodie Kennesaw State University
  • Alison Keefe Kennesaw State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v24i7.7087

Keywords:

higher education, Covid, grades, hybrid, online, teaching methods

Abstract

Most people use a course grade as a rough indicator of learning achieved in a course. This investigation looked at the effect of Covid on mean course grades by teaching method, student demographics, and college. It showed that there is a clear pattern of mean course grade increase in Spring 20 for different modalities, demographics, and colleges, with a slow decline thereafter to above pre-Covid levels. This pattern holds except in the Honors college which had the opposite pattern. The results also show that hybrid courses clearly maintain the highest mean grade level throughout the timeframe. Since the patterns were consistent across modalities, demographics, and colleges, these metrics don’t affect mean grade patterns. These results may provide a clue that average grades and GPA are not good indicators of student learning. Although GPA is often the only indicator one has, this study discusses the use of course grades as a measure of learning and how effective it is.

References

Amparo, A.R., & Smith, G. (2018). Gender and persistent grade performance differences between online and face-to-face undergraduate classes. Proceedings from the June 2018 EdMedia+Innovate Learning conference in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1935–1939.

Andrews, D.R., No, S., Powell, K.K., Rey, M.P., & Ghebreyesus, G. (2022) Student and faculty preferences regarding instructional modalities at an HBCU business school as a result of Covid-19 – a change management approach and mindset. Southwestern Business Administration Journal, 20(1), Article 5, 1–16. Retrieved from https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/sbaj

Aucejo, E., French, J.B., Araya, M.P.U., & Zafar, B. (2020, June). The Impact of COVID-19 on Student Experiences and Expectations: Evidence from a Survey. NBER Working paper no. 27392. Retrieved from nber.org/papers/w27392

Baum, S., & McPherson, M.S. (2019). The human factor: The promise & limits of online education. Daedalus, the Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 148(4), 235–254.

Biel, R., & Brams, C.J. (2016). Traditional versus online biology courses: Connecting course design and student learning in an online setting. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 17(3), 417–422.

Blau, G., & Drennan, R. (2017). Exploring differences in business undergraduate perceptions by preferred classroom delivery mode. Online Learning, 21(3), 222–234.

Blau, G., Gaffney, M.A., Scirmer, M., Ozkan, B., & Kim, Y.J. (2019). Exploring the relationship of background, technology, and motivation variables to business transfer intent for two mixed course MODALITY business undergraduate samples. Online Learning, 23(1), 80–94.

Brau, M., Christian, S., Hill, B., McNair, Sandoz, S., & Taylor, C. (2010, Spring). Success and retention in online and hybrid courses. Lane Community College, Online teaching and learning project, phase 1. Lane Community College paper, pp. 1–12.

Carper, K., & Friedel, C. (2021) Systems thinking and hybrid learning: Findings for improving teaching in the Covid-19 era. NACTA Journal, 65(COVID 19 Special Issue), 144–155.

Cavanaugh, J., & Jacquemin, S.J. (2013). A large sample comparison of grade-based student learning outcomes in online versus face-to-face courses. Online Learning, 19(2), 454.

El Said, G.R. (2021) How Did the Covid-19 pandemic affect higher education learning experience? An empirical investigation of learners’ academic performance at a university in a developing country. Hindawi Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, Article ID 6649524, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6649524

Englehardt, B., Johnson, M., & Siemers, S. (2022) Business school grades, assessment scores, and course withdrawals in the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Education for Business, 98(4), 199–215. DOI:10.1080/08832323.2022.2109563

Fang, J., Pechenkina, E., & Rayner, G.M. (2023). Undergraduate business students’ learning experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights for remediation of future disruption. The International Journal of Management Education, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100763

Fidalgo-Blanco, A., Sein-Echaluce, M.L., & García-Peñalvo, F.J. (2020, October 21–23), Hybrid flipped classroom: Adaptation to the covid situation. TEEM’20, Salamanca, Spain, pp. 405–409.

Gnaur, D., Hindhede, A.L., & Andersen, V.H., (2020) Towards hybrid learning in higher education in the wake of the Covid-19 crisis. Education, pp. 205–211. DOI: 10.34190/EEL.20.093

Hosseini, M.M., Egodawatte, G., & Ruzgar, N.S. (2021) Online assessment in a business department during COVID-19: Challenges and practices. The International Journal of Management Education, 19, 100556–100556. Retrieved from https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237538354

Irani-Kermani, R., Chen, D-H., Wolfskill, L.A., Sivankutty, S., & Bullion, A.N. (2021, April). Students’ perceptions in a hybrid learning students’ perceptions in a hybrid learning model during the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic. NACTA Journal, COVID 19 Special Issue. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352415029

Kanetaki, Z., Stergiou, C., Bekas, G., Jacques, S., Troussas, C., Sgouropoulou, C., & Ouahabi, A. (2022) Grade prediction modeling in hybrid learning environments for sustainable engineering education. Sustainability, 14, 5205, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095205

Kanetaki, Z., Stergiou, C.I., Bekas, G., Sgouropoulou, C., & Troussas, C. (2022) A hybrid machine learning model for grade prediction in online engineering education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (IJEP), 12(3), 4–2. DOI: 10.3991/ijep.v12i3.23873

Karadag, E. (2021) Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on grade inflation in higher education in Turkey. PLoSONE, 16(8), 1–16. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256688

Karim, M.A. (2021). Hybrid and online synchronous delivery of environmental engineering during Covid-19 pandemic: A comparative study on perception, attitude, and assessment. European Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 05. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/9688

Kim, D.-Y., & Kruegaer, T.M. (2017). Comparison of student success in hybrid and traditional introductory finance classes. Journal of Accounting & Finance, 17(5), 124–134.

McFarlin, B.K. (2008). Hybrid lecture-online format increases student grades in an undergraduate exercise physiology course at a large university. Advanced Physiological Education, 32, 86–91.

Moodie, D.R. (2021). Comparing the outcomes of the different teaching modes: All-in-person, hybrid, and online, for different student demographic groups in a business school. Online Learning Journal, 25(4), 362–387.

Moodie, D.R. (2022). A case study in how different teaching methods affect different student demographics across a university. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 23(2), 1–34.

Nguyen, T. (2015) The effectiveness of online learning: Beyond no significant differences and future horizon. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11(3), 309–319.

Opstad, L. (2022) Did Covid-19 change students’ grade assessments? A study from a business school. Social Sciences and Education Research Review, 9(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794376

Price, R.A., Arthur, T.Y., & Pauli, K.P. (2016). A comparison of factors affecting student performance and satisfaction in online, hybrid, and traditional courses. Business Education Innovation Journal, 8(2), 32–40.

Reasons, S.G., Valadares, K., & Slavkin, M. (2005). Questioning the hybrid mode: Student outcomes in different course modalitys. Online Learning, 9(1), 83–94.

Rodríguez‐Planas, N. (2022, March). COVID-19, college academic performance, and the flexible grading policy: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 207, 104606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104606

Stearns, E. (2023). Transferring institutions in different modalities: Lessons from undergraduates across stages of the covid-19 pandemic. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 0(0), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/15210251231179701

Stern, B.S. (2004). A comparison of online and all-in-person instruction in an undergraduate foundations of American education course. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 4(2), 196–213.

Sun, A., & Chen, X-F., (2016) Online education and its effective practice: A research review. Journal of Inmodalityion Technology Education: Research, 15, 157–190.

Supriya, K., Mead, C., Anbar, A.D., Caulkins, J.L., Collins, J.P., Cooper, K.M., . . . Brownell, S.E. (2021). Undergraduate biology students received higher grades during COVID-19 but perceived negative effects on learning. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.759624

Takács, R., Takács, S., Kárász, J.T., Oláh, A., & Horváth, Z. (2023). The impact of the first wave of COVID-19 on students’ attainment, analysed by IRT modelling method. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01613-1

Thamrin, T., Hutasuhut, S., Aditia, R., & Putri, F.R. (2022, January). The effectiveness of the hybrid learning materials with the application of problem-based learning model (hybrid-PBL) to improve learning outcomes during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Recent Educational Research, 3(1), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.46245/ijorer.v3i1.178

Vargas-Ramos, J.C., Lerma, C., Guzmán-Saldaña, R., Lerma, A., Bosques-Brugada, L.E., & González-Fragoso, C.M. (2021, December 30). Academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with demographic factors and alcohol consumption in college students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010365

Xing, X., & Saghaian, S. (2022). Learning outcomes of a hybrid online virtual classroom and in-person traditional classroom during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 14(9), 5263, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095263

Xu, D., & Jaggers, S.S. (2014) Performance gaps between online and all-in-person courses: Differences across types of students and academic subject areas. The Journal of Higher Education, 85(5), 633–659.

Yuen, A.H.K. (2011). Exploring teaching approaches in blended learning. Research & Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 6(1), 3–23.

Downloads

Published

2024-07-07

How to Cite

Moodie, D. R., & Keefe, A. (2024). A Case Study in How Covid Affected Grades for Different Student Demographics. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 24(7). https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v24i7.7087

Issue

Section

Articles