Relational Coordination: A Framework for Building Social Capital
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33423/jop.v24i2.7083Keywords:
organizational psychology, relational coordination, social capital, subordinate resources, manager, emotional intelligenceAbstract
Studies examining employee personal resources have shown many benefits for the individual and his or her organization. Because managers are positioned to engage employees personally, they are the organization’s principal influence to develop subordinate personal resources. This paper develops a model of engaging relational coordination toward developing the personal resources of organizational members. Thus far, little depth of study has been dedicated to the relational coordination concept. Taken from sociology, organizational behavior, politics, and other related fields, the model is constructed to illustrate how managers might utilize the dynamics of relational coordination to facilitate employee resource gains. Specifically, it is suggested that manager activities to engage relational coordination will positively influence member relationships, organizational climate, subordinate attitudes, and interactive practices of organizational members.
References
Abraham, R. (2000). The role of job control as a moderator of emotional dissonance and emotional intelligence-outcome relationships. The Journal of Psychology, 134(2), 169–184.
Abraham, R. (2004). Emotional competence as antecedent to performance: A contingency framework. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 130(2), 117–143.
Amy, A.H. (2008). Leaders as facilitators of individual and organizational learning. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 29(3), 212–234.
Anderson, J.R. (2006). Managing employees in the service sector: A literature review and conceptual development. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(4), 501–523.
Ashforth, B.E., & Humphrey, R.H. (1995). Emotions in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97–125.
Ashforth, B.E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–40.
Avey, J.B. (2014). The left side of psychological capital: New evidence on the antecedents of PsyCap. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 21(2), 141–149.
Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. (2010). The additive value of positive psychological capital in predicting work attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381–579.
Avey, J.B., Reichard, R.J., Luthans, F. & Mhatre, K.H. (2011). Meta-analysis of the impact of positive psychological capital on employee attitudes, behaviors, and performance. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 22(2), 127–152.
Bantel, K.A., & Jackson, S.E. (1989). Top management and innovations in banking: Does the composition of the top team make a difference? Strategic Management Journal, 10(Special Issue), 107–125.
Bardzil, P., & Slaski, M. (2003). Emotional intelligence: Fundamental competencies for enhanced service provision. Managing Service Quality, 13(2), 97–104.
Barling, J., Slater, F., & Kelloway, E.K. (2000). Transformational leadership and emotional intelligence: An exploratory study. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(3), 157–162.
Barrett, L.F., Salovey, P., & Mayer, J.D. (2002). The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence. New York: Guilford Press.
Bass, B.M. (2002). Cognitive, social, and emotional intelligence of transformational leaders. In R.E. Riggio, S.E. Murphy, & F.J. Pirozzolo (Eds.). Multiple intelligences and leadership (pp. 105–118). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Blake, R.R., & Mouton, J.S. (1964). Managing Intergroup Conflict in Industry. Houston: Gulf.
Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bolton, R., Logan, C. & Gittell, J.H. (2021). Revisiting Relational Coordination: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 57(3), 290–322.
Boyatzis, R., McKee, A., & Goleman, D. (2002). Reawakening your passion for work. Harvard Business Review, 80(4), 86.
Brown, R.B., & Brooks, I. (2002). Emotion at work: Identifying the emotional climate of night nursing. Journal of Management in Medicine, 16(4/5), 327–345.
Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7/8), 788–814.
Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J.H. (2009). High-quality relationships, psychological safety, and learning from failures in work organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 709–729.
Carmeli, A., & Josman, Z.E. (2006). The relationship among emotional intelligence, task performance, and organizational citizenship. Human Performance, 19(4), 403–419.
Chatman, J.A., & Barsade, S.G. (1995). Personality, organizational culture, and cooperation: Evidence from a business simulation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40(3), 423–444.
Chen, L.Y. (2004). Examining the effect of organization culture and leadership behaviors on organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and job performance at small and middle-sized firms in Taiwan. Journal of American Academy of Business, 5(1/2), 432–439.
Chreim, S. (2002). Influencing organizational identification during major change: A communication-based perspective. Human Relations, 55(9), 1117–1137.
Chrusciel, D. (2006). Considerations of emotional intelligence (EI) in dealing with change decision management. Management Decision, 44(5), 644.
Conger, J.A. (1989). Leadership: The art of empowering others, Academy of Management Executive, 3, 17–24.
Conger, J.A., & Kanungo, R.N. (1988). The empowerment process: Integrating theory and practice. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 471–482.
Corley, K.G. (2004). Defined by our strategy or our culture? Hierarchical differences in perceptions of organizational identity and change. Human Relations, 57(9), 1145–1177.
Cornelissen, J.P., Haslam, S.A., & Balmer, J.M.T. (2007). Social identity, organizational identity, and corporate identity: Towards an integrated understanding of processes, patternings, and products. British Journal of Management, 18(1), S1–S16.
Côté, S., & Miners, C.T.H. (2006). Emotional intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and job performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(1), 1–28.
Coyle-Shapiro, J.A.M., & Conway, N. (2004). The employment relationship through the lens of social exchange theory. In J. Coyle-Shapiro, L.M. Shore, M.S. Taylor, & L.E. Tetrick (Eds.), The Employment Relationship: Examining Psychological and Contextual Perspectives (pp. 5–28). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M.S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31, 874–900.
Deal, T.E. & Kennedy, A.A. (1982). Corporate cultures. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Deshpandé, R., & Farley, J.U. (2004). Organizational culture, market orientation, innovativeness, and firm performance: An international research odyssey. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(1), 3.
Deshpandé, R., & Webster, Jr., F.E. (1989). Organizational culture and marketing: Defining the research. Journal of Marketing, 53(1), 3–16.
Deshpandé, R., Farley, J.U., & Webster, Jr., F.E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness. Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 23–38.
Dirks, K.T., & Ferrin, D.L. (2001). The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization Science, 12(4), 450–467.
Dutton, J.E. (2003). Energize your workplace: How to create and sustain high-quality connections at work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dutton, J.R., & Dukerich, J.M. (1991). Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity in organizational adaptation. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 517–555.
French, J., & Raven, B.H. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), The Bases of Social Power. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research.
Gardner, L., & Stough, C. (2002). Examining the relationship between leadership and emotional intelligence in senior level managers. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 23(1/2), 68–79.
Gautam, T., Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2004). Organizational identification and organizational commitment: Distinct aspects of two related concepts. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7, 301–315.
George, J.M. (2000). Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8), 1027–1044.
Gioia, D.A., Schultz, M., & Corley, K.G., (2000). Organizational identity, image, and adaptive instability. The Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 63–81.
Gittell, J.H. (2000). Paradox of coordination and control. California Management Review, 42(3), 101–118.
Gittell, J.H. (2001). Supervisory span, relational coordination, and flight departure performance: A reassessment of post bureaucracy theory. Organization Science, 12(4), 468.
Gittell, J.H. (2002). Relationships between service providers and their impact on customers. Journal of Service Research, 4(4), 299–311.
Gittell, J.H., & Douglass, A. (2012) Relational bureaucracy: Structuring reciprocal relationships into roles. The Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 709–733.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Goodman, E.A., Zammuto, R.F., & Gifford, B.D. (2001). The competing values framework: Understanding the impact of organizational culture on the quality of work life. Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 58–69.
Gould-Williams, J., & Davies, F. (2005). Using social exchange theory to predict the effects of HRM practice on employee outcomes: An analysis of public sector workers. Public Management Review, 7(1), 1–24.
Grasso, A. (1994). Management style, job satisfaction, and service effectiveness. Administration in Social Work, 18(4), 89–105.
Gross, J.J. (1998). Antecedent-and response-focused emotion regulation: Divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224–237.
Gross, J.J. (1999). Emotion regulation: Past, present, future. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 551–573.
Halbesleben, J.R.B., & Wheeler, A.R. (2008). The relative roles of engagement and embeddedness in predicting job performance and intention to leave. Work & Stress, 22, 242–256.
Halbesleben, J.R.B., Harvey, J., & Bolino, M.C. (2009). Too engaged? A conservation of resources view of the relationship between work engagement and work interference with family. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1452–1465.
Hassan, J., Yacco, H.F.B., & Shah, I.M. (2012). Role of gender in emotional intelligence: Relationship among emotional intelligence, communication effectiveness and job satisfaction. International Journal of Management, 29(4), 590–597.
Hatch, M.J., & Schultz, M. (2002). The dynamics of organizational identity. Human Resources, 55(8), 989–1018.
Helms, M.M., & Stern, R. (2001). Exploring the factors that influence employees’ perceptions of their organization’s culture. Journal of Management in Medicine, 15(6), 415–430.
Herkenhoff, L. (2004). Culturally tuned emotional intelligence: An effective change management tool? Strategic Change, 13(2), 73.
Herrbach, O. (2006). The affective tone of organizational commitment and identification: A matter of feeling? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(5), 629.
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D.D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organizational cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286–317.
Karriker, J.H., & Williams, M.L. (2009). Organizational justice and organizational citizenship behavior: A mediated multi-foci model. Journal of Management, 35(1), 112–135.
Keller, T., & Dansereau, F. (1995). Leadership and empowerment: A social exchange perspective. Human Relations, 48(2), 127–146.
Kellett, J.B., Humphrey, R.H., & Sleeth, R.G. (2006). Empathy and the emergence of task and relations leaders. Leadership Quarterly, 17(2), 146–162.
Kernbach, S., & Schutte, N.S. (2005). The impact of service provider emotional intelligence on customer satisfaction. The Journal of Services Marketing, 19(6/7), 438–445.
Kerr, R., Garvin, J., Heaton, N., & Boyle, E. (2006). Emotional intelligence and leadership effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(4), 265.
Khalid, K. (2020). The impact of managerial support on the association between pay satisfaction, continuance and affective commitment, and employee task performance. SAGE Open, 10(1), 2158244020914591.
Konovsky, M., & Pugh, S. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 656–669.
Kunnanatt, J.T. (2008). Emotional intelligence theory and description: A competency model for interpersonal effectiveness. Career Development International, 13(7), 614–629.
Kwan, P., & Walker, A. (2004). Validating the competing values model as a representation of organizational culture through inter-institutional comparisons. Organizational Analysis, 12(1), 21–40.
Langhorn, S. (2004). How emotional intelligence can improve management performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(4/5), 220–230.
Lawler, E.J., Thye, S.R., & Yoon, J. (2006). Commitment in structurally enabled and induced exchange relations. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(2), 183–201.
Leban, W., & Zulauf, C. (2004). Linking emotional intelligence abilities and transformational leadership styles. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(7/8), 554.
Lee, H.W., & Kim, E. (2020). Workforce diversity and firm performance: Relational coordination as a mediator and structural empowerment and multisource feedback as moderators. Human Resource Management, 59(1), 5–23.
Liao, H., Liu, D., & Loi, R. (2017). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 53(5), 1090–1109.
Liu, Y., Prati, L.M., Perrewé, P.L., & Ferris, G.R. (2008). The relationship between emotional resources and emotional labor: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(10), 2410–2439.
Locke, E.A. (1991). The essence of leadership. New York: Lexington Books.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J.B., & Norman, S.M. (2007). Psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60, 541–572.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M., & Avolio, B.J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press.
Mael, F., & Ashforth, B.E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103–124.
Mayer, J.D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey, & D.J. Sluyter (Eds.). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3–27). New York: Basic Books.
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2000). Models of emotional intelligence. In R.J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 396–420). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
McAllister, D.J. (1995). Affect- and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 24–59.
McKinnon, J.L., Harrison, G.L., Chow, C.W., & Wu, A. (2003). Organizational culture: Association with commitment, job satisfaction, propensity to remain, and information sharing in Taiwan. International Journal of Business Studies, 11(1), 25–45.
Meyer, J.P., & Allen, N.J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61–89.
Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W., & Steers, R.M. (1982). Employee organizational linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1997). Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242–266.
Nikolaou, I., & Tsaousis, I. (2002). Emotional intelligence in the workplace: Exploring its effects on occupational stress and organizational commitment. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 10(4), 327–343.
Norton, P., & Hope, D. (2001). Analogue observational methods in the assessment of social functioning in adults. Psychological Assessment, 13, 59–72.
Oliver, D., & Roos, J. (2007). Beyond text: Constructing organizational identity multimodally. British Journal of Management, 18, 342–358.
Ouchi, W.G., & Price, R.L. (1978). Hierarchies, clans, and Theory Z: A new perspective on organization development. Organizational Dynamics, 7(2), 25–44.
Palmer, B., Walls, M., Burgess, Z., & Stough, C. (2001). Emotional intelligence and effective leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 22(1), 5.
Parnell, J.A. (2010). Propensity for participative decision making in Latin America: Mexico and Peru. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(13), 2323–2338.
Pillai, R., Schriesheim, C., & Williams, E. (1999). Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: A two-study sample. Journal of Management, 25, 897–933.
Prati, L.M., Douglas, C., Ferris, G.R., Ammeter, A.P., & Buckley, M.R. (2003). Emotional intelligence, leadership effectiveness, and team outcomes. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), 21–41.
Prati, L.M., McMillan-Capehart, A., & Karriker, J.H. (2009). Affecting organizational identity: A manager’s influence. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(4), 404–415.
Ravasi, D., & Schultz, M. (2006). Responding to organizational identity threats: Exploring the role of organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 433–458.
Reicher, S., Haslam, S.A., & Hopkins, N. (2005). Social identity and the dynamics of leadership: Leaders and followers as collaborative agents in the transformation of social reality. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 547–568.
Riggio, R.E., & Reichard, R.J. (2008). The emotional and social intelligences of effective leadership. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(2), 169–185.
Riggio, R.E., Watring, K., & Throckmorton, B. (1993), Social skills, social support, and psychosocial adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 275–80.
Roberts, R., & Hirsch, P. (2005). Evolution and revolution in the twenty-first century: Rules for organizations and managing human resources. Human Resource Management, 44(2), 171–177.
Rogers, C.R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Rooney, J.A., Gottlieb, B.H., & Newby-Clark, I.R. (2009). How support-related managerial behaviors influence employees: An integrated model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 410–427.
Rosete, D., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Emotional intelligence and its relationship to workplace performance outcomes of leadership effectiveness. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(5), 388–399.
Ruiz-Quintella, S.A., & Blancero, D. (1996). Open door policies: Measuring impact using attitude surveys. Human Resource Management, 35, 269–291.
Schein, E.H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership: A dynamic view. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E.H. (1996). Culture: The missing concept in organization studies. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 229–241.
Scott, S.G., & Lane, V.R. (2000). A stakeholder approach to organizational identity. The Academy of Management Review, 25, 43–62.
Shearer, C.S., Hames, D.S., & Runge, J.B. (2001). How CEOs influence organizational culture following acquisitions. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 25(5/6), 411–423.
Shenhar, A. (1990). Improving upward communication through open door policies. Human Systems Management, 9, 77–89.
Shenhar, A. (1993). Keeping management’s door open: How to establish an open-door policy that works. The Leadership & Organizational Management Journal, 14, 8–12.
Shore, L.M., Tetrick, L.E., Taylor, M.S., Coyle-Shapiro, J., Liden, R.C., & McLean-Parks, J. (2004). The employee-organization relationship: A timely concept in a period of transition. In J.J. Martocchio (Ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (pp. 1–113). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Silverthorne, C. (2004). The impact of organizational culture and person-organization fit on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Taiwan. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 25(7/8), 592–599.
Sims, R.R. (2000). Changing an organization’s culture under new leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 25(1), 65–79.
Smidts, A., Pruyn, A.T.H., & Van Riel, C.B.M. (2001). The impact of employee communication and perceived external prestige on organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1051–1063.
Sosik, J.J., & Megerian, L.E. (1999). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance: The roll of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions. Group & Organization Management, 24(3), 367–391.
Spreitzer, G.M. (1996). Social structural characteristics of psychological empowerment. The Academy of Management Journal, 39(2), 483–504.
Stavrou, E.T., Kleanthous, T., & Anastasiou, T. (2005). Leadership personality and firm culture during hereditary transitions in family firms: Model development and empirical investigation. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(2), 187–207.
Sy, T., Tram, S., & O’Hara, L.A. (2006). Relation of employee and manager emotional intelligence to job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 461.
Thompson, A.A., Strickland, A.J., & Gamble, J.E. (2008). Crafting and Executing Strategy: The Quest for Competitive Advantage (16th Ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Totterdell, P., Wall, T., Holman, D., Diamond, H., & Epitropaki, O. (2004). Affect networks: A structural analysis of the relationship between work ties and job-related affect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), 854.
Trice, H.M., & Beyer, J.M. (1993). The cultures of work organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Wang, H., Wang, X., & Li, J. (2018). Is new generation employees’ job crafting beneficial or detrimental to organizations in China? Participative decision-making as a moderator. Asia Pacific Business Review, 24(4), 543–560.
Wan-Huggins, V.N., Riordan, C.M., & Griffeth, R.W. (1998). The development and longitudinal test of a model of organizational identification. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(8), 724–749.
Wiesenfeld, B., Raghuram, S., & Garud, R. (1999). Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization. Organization Science, 10, 777–790.
Wong, C.S., & Law, K.S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243.
Yi, X., & Uen, J.F. (2006). Relationship between organizational socialization and organization identification of professionals: Moderating effects of personal work experience and growth need strength. Journal of American Academy of Business, 10(1), 362–372.
Yukl, G. (1998). Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zeffane, R., Tipu, S.A., & Ryan, J. (2011). Communication, commitment & trust: Exploring the triad. International Journal of Business and Management, 6(6), 77–87.
