External and Internal Organizational Distance: Distinction and Relationship

Abstract

The present theoretical study introduces the concepts of external and internal distance. External distance involves physical distance and the amount and depth of communication between counterparts, while internal distance relates to the disparity in their values, norms, goals, etc. Misfit between external and internal distance triggers conflict and lowers longevity of relationship. Since these dimensions transcend different levels of analysis, they are more general in nature than concepts applied on a specific level such as cultural, psychic, and social distance. When multiple disparate terms are used on different levels, potential common patterns are overlooked. Distance between parties should not be equated with their differences. The latter contain elements that do not increase distance such as complementary and irrelevant differences. Distance reflects the incongruence between “should be” norms rather than between “as is” norms.